DeFi & Account Abstraction

Staking, lending, swaps, and ERC-4337 explained.

SSP supports DeFi via ERC-4337 Account Abstraction on EVM chains. These articles explain what AA is, what dApps you can use safely from a multisig wallet, and how SSP keeps you in control while letting you participate in DeFi protocols.

Square SSP Academy cover: permit signatures and token approvals

Permit signatures: the approval that isn't a transaction

EIP-2612 permits and Uniswap Permit2 grant token allowances with a gas-free signature, which is why drainers love them. Which fields to read, why typed-data "sign in" requests are suspicious, how to revoke, and how SSP shows typed data.

5 min
Square SSP Academy cover: crypto loans and liquidation

Crypto loans and liquidation: borrowing against coins you don't want to sell

Crypto loans let you borrow without selling, but your collateral can be sold for you. How over-collateralised loans and liquidation work, why liquidations cascade, DeFi vs centralised lenders, and how to borrow more safely.

4 min
Square SSP Academy cover: blockchain oracles explained

Oracles: how blockchains learn what's happening outside

Smart contracts can't look anything up, so oracles bring prices and events on-chain — and every protocol inherits their weaknesses. How oracles work, how price feeds get manipulated, and what to check before you trust one.

4 min
Square SSP Academy cover: NFT ownership and approvals

NFTs: what you actually own, and the one approval that empties collections

An NFT is a record in a contract pointing to content stored elsewhere. What you really own, questions to ask before buying, and why setApprovalForAll is behind most NFT theft.

4 min
Square SSP Academy cover: honeypot tokens and rug pulls

Honeypots and rug pulls: tokens designed to take your money

Anyone can create a token, and some are built from the first line of code to extract money. How honeypots block sales, how rug pulls drain liquidity, the warning signs you can check, and what to do with tokens you never bought.

5 min
Square SSP Academy cover: how wrapped tokens like WBTC and WETH work

Wrapped tokens: what's actually inside the wrapper

A wrapped token is a claim, not the asset. Why WETH, WBTC and bridged tokens rest on completely different guarantees, why SSP's Polygon WBTC is a wrapper of a wrapper, and what to check before holding one.

5 min
Square SSP Academy cover: what actually backs stablecoins

Stablecoins: what actually backs them

Attestations are not audits, USDC broke its peg because a bank failed, and the major fiat-backed stablecoins can freeze your address. What a stablecoin actually is, and the ten minutes of checking worth doing before you hold one.

9 min
Square SSP Academy cover: cross-chain bridge hacks and wrapped tokens

Why bridges keep getting hacked, and what a bridged token actually is

Over $1.5bn from four incidents, and not one was a failure of the underlying chain. A bridged token isn't the asset — it's a claim on a pot someone else holds. What Ronin, Poly Network, Wormhole and Nomad each teach, and why two-device signing can't help once your funds are in a bridge.

6 min
Square cover showing token approval revocation in SSP: a clean allowance list and a 2-of-2 co-signature confirming the revoke transaction.

Revoking Token Approvals from SSP

How to revoke unused token approvals from SSP using a block explorer or revoke.cash, with a per-chain audit workflow your 2-of-2 wallet co-signs.

7 min
Square cover for the SSP guide on ERC-20 token approvals and unlimited allowances

Token Approvals: The Permissions You Keep Granting

How ERC-20 approve() works, why unlimited allowances are risky, and what every dApp interaction quietly grants from your SSP wallet.

8 min
Square illustration showing MEV sandwich attack pattern

MEV: Frontrunning, Sandwiching, and How to Protect Yourself

MEV explained for self-custody users: what frontrunning and sandwich attacks are, who is at risk, and the habits that reduce your exposure when swapping.

7 min
Square illustration of a swap quote turning into a different final amount due to price impact and slippage.

Slippage and Price Impact, Explained

Why your swap settles at a different price than the quote, what slippage tolerance actually does, and how to think about it in SSP.

7 min
SSP buy, sell, and swap flows above a 2-of-2 multisig wallet

Swapping Crypto from SSP: Buy, Sell, and Swap Explained

Buy, sell, and swap from SSP — how on-ramps, off-ramps, the in-wallet aggregator, and DEX dApps differ, while your 2-of-2 multisig signs every move.

8 min
Square illustration of WalletConnect bridging SSP and a dApp with a co-signing prompt.

What Is WalletConnect and How It Works with SSP

WalletConnect explained for SSP users: how the protocol links your self-custody wallet to dApps while every signature still needs both SSP devices.

7 min
Square cover for Account Abstraction Beyond Ethereum showing the SSP logo and amber smart-account icons

Account Abstraction Beyond Ethereum

How account abstraction spreads beyond Ethereum L1: ERC-4337 across EVM chains, and native AA on Starknet and zkSync Era.

7 min
Square illustration of a paymaster paying gas while the user keeps control of their keys

Gas Sponsorship and Paymasters, Explained

What an ERC-4337 paymaster is, how gas sponsorship works, and why it changes who pays the fee without changing who custodies your funds.

8 min
Square cover showing SSP's two-device 2-of-2 flow aggregating into a single ERC-4337 UserOperation

Inside SSP's Account Abstraction Architecture

How SSP runs 2-of-2 multisig on EVM chains: ERC-4337 smart account, two devices, and one Schnorr-aggregated signature the chain reads as ordinary.

7 min
Square DEFI cover reading EOA vs Smart Account: The Differences That Matter, with the SSP logo and amber key and shield icons

EOA vs Smart Account: The Differences That Matter

EOA vs smart account, compared on the axes a self-custody user feels: control, recovery, gas, batching, signatures, and what SSP uses.

7 min
SSP Academy square cover: Account Abstraction from First Principles

Account Abstraction from First Principles

Why Ethereum EOAs are limiting and how ERC-4337 account abstraction makes the account itself programmable — and how SSP uses it.

7 min
Smart-contract wallet diagram with a UserOperation flowing through a bundler

What is account abstraction (ERC-4337)?

ERC-4337 lets your Ethereum wallet behave like a smart contract. Learn UserOperations, bundlers, paymasters — and how it relates to SSP multisig.

7 min